Archives for January 2014

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Samsung patent application US20140014818 "Pixel array, image sensor including the same, and method of compensating for local dark current" by Young Sung Cho, Dong Jae Lee, Tae Chan Kim, and Tomer Livneh propose a simple approach to compensate the black level variations across the pixel array. The idea is simple: a number of dark, light-shielded pixels is distributed in random or not-so-random way across the array, and their interpolated output is used for local black level calculations:


There are few modifications that need to be added to that application:

• Light leaks or photoelectrons diffusion to the shielded pixels can distort the black level measurements. Unless this is completely resolved in the company's ISOCELL technology, one might need to light-block the larger groups of pixels.
• dark current varies a lot on pixel-by-pixel basis. So, it needs to be somehow averaged across the neighboring dark pixels
• there are hot pixels, whose dark current is just abnormally high and carries no information about other pixels in the area. They need to be excluded from the dark current calculation process.

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Sony patent application US20140022430 "Solid-state imaging device and manufacturing method" by Yosuke Ueno, Natsuko Seino, and Kenichi Takamiya discusses a crosstalk challenge between the adjacent column-parallel ramp ADCs. As pixel size shrinks, the column pitch becomes smaller, the neighboring comparator's transistors are closer and coupling capacitance becomes more of the issue. One possible solution is to add metal shields between columns. However, the shield takes a significant column area. So, Sony proposes to re-arrange the comparator transistors in the neighboring columns in such a way that part of the crosstalk is compensated:

Column Ramp ADC (background info, nothing new)

Column comparator input stage (background info, nothing new)

The capacitive coupling problem shown (background info, nothing new)

Coupling caps from the above shown in schematics (nothing new so far)

One of the improvement proposals, coupling is partially compensated

Schamatics of the compensated layout, Note that each half-nmos gets couping to the opposite side of the neighboring diff pair

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Point Grey releases the charts comparing its different cameras based on CCD and global and rolling shutter sensors. Few interesting charts comparing monochrome sensors (see color sensors in another doc):


Thanks to MJ for the info!

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Cypress EZ-USB CX3 camera controller allows simple mobile image sensors connection to PC. CX3 has a 4-lane CSI-2 receiver with up to 1 Gbps on each lane, and supports video data formats such as RAW8/10/12/14, YUV422 (CCIR/ITU 8/10-bit), RGB888/666/565 and User-Defined 8-bit. CX3 has integrated the USB 3.0 and USB 2.0 PHYs along with a 32-bit ARM926EJ-S microprocessor for data processing and for building custom applications.

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Tech-On reports that Shinko Optical Co was able to make an endoscope based on Hitachi Kokusai Electric 8K video camera (8K x 4K resolution). Tech-On thinks that 8k video might be widely adopted in the medical industry earlier than in the TV broadcasting. The more detailed video is said to eliminate the need in surgical loupes and maintains the details from farther distance. No info is given on the 8k sensor size or its pixel size.

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Sony announces the acquisition of Renesas Tsuruoka Fab. Once the transaction is closed on March 31, 2014, Sony will establish Sony Yamagata Technology Center ("Yamagata TEC").

Last year, there were media reports that Renesas is going to close its Tsuruoka fab. The fab used to make chips for Nintendo game console, whose sales were sluggish.

Yamagata TEC will serve as a new production site for CMOS image sensors, and Sony plans to engage in capital investment from the first half of the fiscal year ending March 31, 2015 ("FY14") through the second half of the fiscal year ending March 31, 2016 ("FY15") in order to increase image sensor production capacity. This planned investment is a part of Sony's mid- to long-term plan to increase its total production capacity for image sensors from the current capacity of approximately 60,000 wafers per month to approximately 75,000 wafers per month (in 300mm wafer equivalents). Sony intends to convert part of the semiconductor manufacturing equipment that Sony is scheduled to acquire from Renesas to CMOS image sensor manufacturing, and also to install new equipment for CMOS image sensors. Yamagata TEC will primarily engage in the manufacture of photodiodes and wiring processes for stacked CMOS image sensors.

Sony will position Yamagata TEC as a new site for one phase of the image sensor wafer production process, alongside its existing Kagoshima Technology Center, Kumamoto Technology Center, and Nagasaki Technology Center sites. By doing so, Sony aims to strengthen its capacity to supply stacked CMOS image sensors.

The total investment amount is expected to be approximately 35 billion yen, comprising (i) approximately 7.5 billion yen to acquire Renesas Yamagata Semiconductor's Tsuruoka Factory assets in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2014 ("FY13"), and (ii) approximately 27.5 billion yen for planned capital investment to be carried out during FY14-FY15.

Update: Semicon portal published a nice graphics on the recent Japanese fabs acquisitions. The portal also says that Tsuruoka fab has 40nm process, a nice advance for Sony. There are some challenges for Sony in this deal:

"Renesas moved some of the production equipment to the Naka fab, its main fab, so that it could continue manufacturing game-use system-on-chip LSIs, the Tsuruoka fab's principal products. Sony, therefore, would have to install some production equipment following the contemplated acquisition. This would increase the aggregate investment related to the Tsuruoka fab. Opinion on the advisability of the acquisition is divided within Sony.

From Sony's perspective, another drawback of the Tsuruoka fab is that the production line is not fully automated. Originally designed for high-mix low-volume production, the fab has poor automatic conveyor systems. Therefore, the line could fall short of what is required for highly efficient high-volume manufacturing of CMOS image sensors by Sony."

Update #2: Sony publishes a map of its image sensor production facilities:

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PMD posted Youtube video showing 3D scanner application based on its recent CamBoard pico XS:

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IEEE Tech Insider opens registration for a free Samsung webinar on Feb 11, 2014: "
Samsung presenters will share with the audience how ISOCELL:

• Decreases crosstalk by approximately 30%, resulting in higher color fidelity
• Increases the full well capacity by 30%, leading to greater dynamic range
• Features a 20% wider chief ray, reducing the height of the camera module

They also talk about specific challenges in developing ISOCELL and the solutions that will benefit camera module designs and, ultimately, the end camera applications.

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GEO Semiconductor introduces the GC6500 family of programmable video processors, integrating GEO’s eWARP core, Apical HDR ISP pipeline, MIPI D-PHY Input, stereo recording path, H.264 Codec, Tensilica XTENSA HIFI CPU and USB2.0 interfaces. Integrated DCDC converters and LDOs provide all necessary system voltages. The eWARP Geometric Processor supports correction for wide field of view lens (180/360). It also supports custom maps for panoramic and zero-content loss views, multiple virtual cameras with perspective correction and ePTZ (electronic Pan, Tilt and Zoom). The processor supports up to 5MP sensor resolution at 30fps and 1080p60 video.

Paul Russo, CEO of GEO Semiconductor says, "There is an explosion of uses for ultra-wide field of view or ‘fisheye’ applications for consumer and industrial markets, such as home security, automotive, cloud and wearable cameras. All of these segments require intense geometric image processing as well as multi-stream compression support. The programmability of the GC6500 provides customers ultimate flexibility and offers H.264 video compression, WDR ISP support in a highly integrated low power IC to enable emerging camera markets. GEO has developed complete software stacks, including iOS and Android applications, to provide superior hardware and software support to its customers and shorten their time to market."

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Fermilab publishes Eric Fossum's presentation "CMOS Image Sensors: Tech Transfer from Saturn to your Cell Phone", including an interesting Q&A section in the end, presented on Nov 18, 2013 (via Nuit Blanche blog):

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Cnet, Luminous Landscape, Digital Transitions report that the new Phase One IQ250 medium format digital camera back features 50MP Sony CMOS sensor. The sensor size is 44mm x 33mm (1.3x MF crop factor)and it offers 14-stops DR.

Luminous Landscape also says that the Hasselblad H5D-50C uses the same Sony sensor.

Phase One's Youtube video talks about the new CMOS sensor:

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Brigates (Chinese name - Rui Kunshan Microelectronics Inc.) announces BG0601 and BG0631 MCCD sensors for PAL-resolution security cameras. MCCD is a CMOS sensor which has CCD-compatible external interface. It be used in place of CCD in security camera, with some modifications: AFE is integrated onto the sensor and HV driver is not needed:

Brigates Chairman Luo Wenzhe presents MCCD technology

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e2v published a PR on its 106 CCDs imager inside the European Space Agency space observatory Gaia on a five year mission to map the galaxy. e2v has implemented different functionalities in each of these CCDs, like charge injection, antiblooming and TDI gate structures to meet the specific needs of the mission. There are three variants of the CCD91-72, each optimised for different wavelengths in the range 250 to 1,000nm. The CCD package is 3 sided buttable, to minimise the dead space between CCDs when they are tiled together in the mosaic and all CCDs have been through e2v’s back thinning process.

Hans Faulks, General Business Unit Manager for Space and Astronomy commented: "We are immensely proud and excited to finally see our image sensors embark on this mission. All the hard work, dedication and expertise that has been put into our sensors and into the mission will finally come to fruition. Our products will now play their part in history as we help increase our understanding of our universe."

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Pelican Imaging started the new year with quite a few news. First, its website is updated with special emphasis on depth-enabled features:


Second, the company publishes its CTO and co-founder Kartik Venkataraman's keynote on the future of mobile imaging presented at the International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE) on January 12 in Las Vegas, NV. The keynote addresses some of the concerns about the array camera resolution (click to enlarge):


The presentation also talks about the depth-enabled features, after-the-fact focus, background blurring and substitution, videoconferencing, and more. The depth map is not bad for such a small camera:


Third news is that Pelican Imaging's technology has been nominated for a 2014 Edison Award - the nominee #181 out of 309. The winners will be announced on April 30.

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New Imaging Technology (NIT) presents its WDR Intensified modules, the first intensified Night Vision cameras with a WDR of more than 140dB. The new WiDy IntenS cameras feature a low power consumption (< 300 mW for the analog version) and a small form factor.


NIT also introduces a new WDR InGaAs products family, including sensors and camera modules. NIT SWIR products are based on a proprietary Wide Dynamic Range ROIC technologies and offer aDR of more than 140dB in a single image.

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Yole Developpement's CIS-2014 report sample gives more data from the market report:

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Samsung published a flyer of S5K3L2 13MP, 1.12um BSI pixel sensor which is supposed to end Sony dominance in 13MP sensors for smartphones. The 1/3.06-inch sensor is said to offer the best in class low-light performance:


The sensor is based on 65nm process and consumes "up to 8 percent less power" due to "the smaller and optimized circuit design." The sensor fits to the camera module with z-height of 6mm. Its frame rate is 24fps at full 13MP resolution.

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Educational news: Teledyne DALSA blog publishes a nice TDI mode post with animated explanation. Adimec blog explains blooming and smear effects in CCDs.

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Camera module alignment systems maker Kasalis announces that it is expanding and will shortly be tripling its staff and almost tripling its office size. "We are thrilled that our products have struck a chord with manufacturers seeking high quality and cost-effective camera module alignment," said Justin Roe, president of Kasalis. "We grew significantly in 2013, and see this growth accelerating in 2014. Our customers are our top focus, and we will be improving services for them by adding yet more innovative, responsive engineers to our staff and increasing production capabilities. Innovation and speed to market is the key to our success, and we want to further enhance that capability."

Kasalis credits its Pixid camera module alignment systems for its impressive growth. The Pixid’s faster cycle time, lower cost, and faster delivery gives customers the advantage of attaining the lowest cost per part for actively aligned small camera modules and array cameras, and the ability to quickly bring new products to market.

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Bloomberg reports that the upcoming new version of HTC One smartphone will have "twin-sensor rear camera" featuring "better focus, depth of field and image quality". Bloombers source call it "an improved version of HTC’s Ultrapixel camera". Phonearena speculates that this could be the recently announced Toshiba stereo camera module.

Thanks to DM for the link!

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Hasselblad is to launch what it calls "the world's first 50MP medium format camera using CMOS sensor technology" in March 2014.
Ove Bengtson, Hasselblad Product Manager said: "This pioneering 50 megapixel CMOS sensor camera is based on our H5D-50 model but will offer a faster capture rate; longer shutter speed capability and much greater ISO performance. It will provide greatly improved Live Video in Phocus and will also be available with Multi-Shot functionality."

Hasselblad's new CEO Ian Rawcliffe said: "This is a world-first and underpins Hasselblad's status at the forefront of camera technology. It will be the first of a number of medium format capture innovations we have planned for the coming months."

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Yole Developpement announces an updated image sensor market report and forecast. Few of the announced key points:

• Driven by handset and tablet applications, a 10% CAGR is forecast for the CMOS image sensor market from 2013 – 2018, reaching a value of almost US$13B by 2018.
• Big 3, Omnivision, Samsung and Sony, will continue to dominate thanks to advanced technologies, a large installed capacity and a cost-optimized manufacturing machine, while second-tier players must overcome economic and technical challenges to stay competitive.
• The strong move in the CIS markets from major player such as Sony’s pushes other companies to a fablight / fabless strategy. Indeed, this evolution has started already with companies like Aptina and STMicroelectronics. Besides a dramatic change in their business model, these players also move to higher end applications and out of the traditional mobile phone market.
• Three years after its introduction by Sony and Omnivision, BSI image sensors accounted for 27% of total CIS sales in 2012. BSI’s adoption is expected to reach more than 78% in 2018, bringing its total revenue to $10B.
• The current batch of breakthrough CMOS image sensor technologies aim to:
  - Diminish thickness (module level)
  - Improve image sensor performance (i.e. QE, sensitivity, resolution, reduced cross-talk, higher DR, multispectral imaging, faster processing, larger CRA, lower power consumption)
  - Permit new functions (i.e. post/fast focus, photon discrimination, 3D imaging, gesture recognition, increased processing power).

CIS Market Forecast

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Photonics Spectra publishes an article on camera module image quality testing. The article is quite concise and mainly talks about the advantages of collimator domes over the illuminated test chart setups:

Illuminated Test Chart Setup

Collimator Setup

The collimator setup advantages are:

• can be used as a “true” infinite setup, with the DUT being tested under the same conditions as in the final application. This setup is quite insensitive to the actual positioning of the collimators, as the field positions are determined only by the angles between the collimators.
• The test chamber is compact, with the outer dimensions independent of the DUT field of view, so it uses less factory floor and is easier to manage.
• less sensitive to stray light, and the reticle illumination can be better controlled, leads to better repeatability.
• By using motorized collimators that can be focused, arbitrary object distances from approximately 1 m to infinity can be generated. This makes it possible to test the focusing of fixed- and autofocus modules. It is further important for the high-precision active alignment technology.

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European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC): Recent advances on image processing allow identification of which device has taken a given picture, and allow a match with those contained in social network accounts (Facebook, Flickr, etc.). This possibility has been demonstrated in a recent JRC study that received the Best Paper Award at the International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications (VISAPP 2014) in Lisbon, Portugal this January:

"On the usage of Sensor Pattern Noise for Picture-to-Identity linking through social network accounts"
Riccardo Satta and Pasquale Stirparo

JRC exploited the noise pattern that is left in a digital picture by any image sensor, as a fingerprint of the imaging device (whether it is a digital camera, a smartphone, a tablet, …). Such a Sensor Pattern Noise (SPN) has been shown to be unique for every single device. This allows one to find, given a picture, a social network account containing images taken by the same camera, and in turn it can be possible to infer the identity of the camera owner.

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PMD presented its new CamBoard pico XS in private suite at CES, together with PMD's middleware nimble UX. The company says that it's the smallest depth sensor worldwide, as far as they know. Its key specs:

• The size of the pico XS is 4mm x 15.5mm x 39.5mm.
• It uses a laser illumination, 850nm and modulation frequency of 80MHz.
• It´s equipped with a standard MIPI compliant interface - ready for integration into devices.
• Self heating is only up to 10° C
• Power consumption is typically < 50mW (max 350mW)

Engadget publishes a video from the private demo:

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Japan-language Egami blog reports that Fujifilm applies for a Japanese patent 2013-258168 on different-sized RGBW filter pattern. The green and white pixels are bigger to minimize the luminance noise at the expense of chrominance noise elevation. YourNewsTicker nicely painted the B&W figure from the application:

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BAE Fairchild Imaging sends email invitations to its Photonics West booth on Feb 2-6, 2014, saying:

"We will be launching our next generation of sCMOS high performance CMOS image sensors: sCMOS 2.0. With the launch of sCMOS 2.0, we will bring the best of image sensor technologies that are ideally suited for the scientific camera market."

Thanks to BP for the info!

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Maybank Kim Eng (Korea) and Core Pacific Yamaichi (Hong Kong) published reports on Sunny Optical developing its own array camera, similar to Pelican's.

Core Pacific says: "we do have a number of concerns.

(1) High setup cost. To build a production line on active alignment components, some special machines and equipment are required, resulting in hefty CAPEX caused by depreciation. Besides, the technology is new meaning that more investment on R&D has to be made and the immature supply chain also leads to high sourcing costs for related components.

(2) Concern on technology knowhow. Sunny tends to develop its own production line on active alignment based on its R&D capacity. Although its technology knowhow is leading in the domestic market, it is still lagging behind those international players in Taiwan, Japan and Korea. We doubt whether its quality can be up to the international standard.

(3) Difficult to achieve the accreditation from first-tier global smartphone brands. We believe it still takes years for array camera to be mature. Before that the production cost is expect to remain high, implying that only high-end smartphone models, such as iPhone and Galaxy S Series, can absorb this cost. However, the entry barrier of these flagship models’ supply chain is extremely high. Sunny has no global footprints on HCM and the quality control is relatively weak comparing to the international peers. Whether or how long Sunny can achieve the accreditation of first-tier global smartphone brands remains in doubt.

So far, the visibility on array cameras business is low and we do not expect it to make contribution till FY15F."

Maybank writes: "Although array camera can provide a thinner design, quicker photo-taking response time and can refocus on multiple subjects on the phone, we think the adoption rate of array cameras will remain low in 2014 owing to its inferior photo quality in the near range and long range, and higher cost due to low production yield rates. So far, only several projects among the Chinese brand names and Nokia show an interest in adopting the array camera (meaning demand is not strong). In addition, our checks indicate that LiteOn can also offer a very competitive array camera design if its customers want to use it (suggesting another good array camera supplier)".

Another interesting quote from Maybank report is that, according to consumer survey by O2 in 2012, picture taking is the most used function in mobile phones:

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Business Wire: Tessera is restructuring its DigitalOptics business (DOC) to cease its remaining manufacturing operations and refocus on monetizing DOC technologies, including solutions for imaging and MEMS technologies. These actions are the culmination of an in-depth review of strategic alternatives for DOC that was conducted in conjunction with the Company’s financial advisors, the newly reconstituted board of directors and the new senior management team. As a result of the restructuring, the Company expects its quarterly DOC related operating expenses to be reduced by approximately $17 million, realized in full by the third quarter of 2014.

Tom Lacey, Tessera’s CEO, commented, "After an exhaustive process of exploring multiple options, we have decided to cease DOC manufacturing operations and focus our resources in DOC on continuing to operate our image enhancement business, while also exploring new ways to realize value from our extensive DOC intellectual property portfolio, including a sale, licensing or other means. While the strategic process ultimately did not lead to a sale of the mems|cam business, we achieved solid proof of concept by demonstrating working mems|cam camera modules, including shipping pre-production units that generated substantial customer interest. We strongly believe that there is significant value in the related intellectual property that has been developed, including our camera module, MEMS, and image enhancement technologies. Additionally, we continue to believe our mems|cam technology is unique and novel and may be incorporated into mobile devices in the future. To that end, we intend to maintain a small team of MEMS engineers to further the mems|cam technology and pursue possible avenues to unlock the value of this powerful technology."

Thanks to SF and SC for sending me the news!

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