Archives for March 2020

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Yole Developpement report "Sensors for Robotic Mobility 2020" forecasts:

"Regardless of the naysayers, robotic vehicle technology will provide the Netflix of mobility before 2032.

Carmakers developing Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) technology have now mainly chosen a camera-and-radar approach. As Mr E. Musk, the CEO of Tesla, said: “LiDAR is a fool’s errand […] in the automotive context”

Growth rates are expected to be impressive. In 2019 production of robotic vehicles was in the range of a few thousand worldwide. Yole analysts expect production volumes to reach 400Ku units annually, with cumulative production of 1B units, by 2032. This ramp up forecast is based on a 51% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the next 15 years. By then, the total revenue associated with the production of robotic vehicles will reach $60B. 40% of that figure will originate from the vehicles themselves, 28% will come from sensing hardware, 28% from computing hardware and the remaining 4% will be from integration. This means that within 15 years complete industries will be structured around robotic vehicle technologies.

When looking closer to the present, in 2024 Yole analysts expect sensor revenues to reach $0.4B for LiDAR, $60M for radar, $160M for cameras, $230M for IMUs and $20M for GNSS devices. The split between the different sensor modalities may not stay the same for the 15 years to come.

Nevertheless the total envelope for sensing hardware should reach $17B in 2032, while, for comparative purposes, computing should be in the same range."

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SBIR Transition flyer on Quantum Semiconductor LLC works on SiGeC super-lattice integration in CMOS process describes the advantages of this approach:

"Product development is being planned for chip design and manufacture at a US-based BiCMOS foundry. The Gen 1 prototype sensor is a 128x128 CMOS sensor array with near single photon counting, high dynamic range, suitable for passive imaging and LIDAR, operating in Visible and NIR, with large internal gain (greater than 100K) at low voltages (less than 3.5V).

The development of Group-IV superlattice films capable of covering SWIR to 1.6µm with a coefficient of absorption comparable to that of InGaAs, is currently underway. Gen 2 sensors will incorporate Group IV superlattices into photo-diodes with large internal gain, to make large 1 MegaPixel CMOS Image Sensor arrays for near-photon counting, high dynamic range in SWIR."

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engnews24h.com quotes Park Jun-young, CEO of a startup UX Factory, Korea, saying that the company has developed an image sensor with integrated AI engine:

"This 'cognitive' sensor, which will be located next to the main image sensor, is designed to be used only for face recognition, object recognition, and QR code recognition. AI chip technology from UX Factory and technology from a domestic image sensor design company are combined. This chip is an ultra-low-power chip that reduces the amount of power when an electronic device recognizes an object by a hundredth of a conventional sensor.

“If the existing image sensor's object recognition operating power was 1 W (watt), the product developed this time can reduce the power to a maximum of 10 mW (milliwatt)”

The new image sensor appears to be a continuation of K-Eye cooperation project with KAIST presented at ISSCC in 2017.

"The goal of Park is to promote a sample chip in the second half, and then to mass-produce the chip in the first half of next year and apply it to home appliances."

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cnTechPost quotes Huawei Consumer Business CEO Richard Yu on-line interview:

"When asked if the P40 series has some functional design in terms of hygiene, Yu mentioned that the P40 Pro+ can detect human body temperature very accurately through a rear camera with a unique algorithm.

Yu added that its global sales team initially stated that such a feature was not needed, but the Chinese team insisted. Of course, Yu pointed out that Huawei cares about user privacy, and related functions require consumer authorization to turn on.

According to Yu's outlook, with AI training and sensor cooperation, Huawei products will have a bigger stage in the future. He also previewed an app that can detect data such as breathing rate, pressure value, heart rate, etc., which is currently ready and will be the first to be launched for Chinese users."

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TechInsights twits first info from Apple iPad Pro 2020 teardown, saying that LiDAR sensor is made by Sony.

Update: TechInsights fixed a typo in the original twit. The spatial resolution is 0.03MP, 10x lower than initially reported.

"TechInsights has begun the teardown process of #Apple iPad Pro (Model A2068). Our early findings indicate a 4.18 mm x 4.30 mm (18.0 mm²) #Sony ToF sensor with 0.03 MP resolution & 10 µm pitch pixels within the #LiDAR system. Our analysis continues with in-depth reports to follow."


iFixIt publishes a teardown video showing that LiDAR IR illumination pattern is less dense than a FaceID one:

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Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium, publishes a paper "Current-Assisted Single Photon Avalanche Diode (CASPAD) Fabricated in 350 nm Conventional CMOS" by Gobinath Jegannathan, Hans Ingelberts, and Maarten Kuijk.

"A current-assisted single-photon avalanche diode (CASPAD) is presented with a large and deep absorption volume combined with a small p-n junction in its middle to perform avalanche trigger detection. The absorption volume has a drift field that serves as a guiding mechanism to the photo-generated minority carriers by directing them toward the avalanche breakdown region of the p-n junction. This drift field is created by a majority current distribution in the thick (highly-resistive) epi-layer that is present because of an applied voltage bias between the p-anode of the avalanching region and the perimeter of the detector. A first CASPAD device fabricated in 350-nm CMOS shows functional operation for NIR (785-nm) photons; absorbed in a volume of 40 × 40 × 14 μm3. The CASPAD is characterized for its photon-detection probability (PDP), timing jitter, dark-count rate (DCR), and after pulsing."

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Sony releases "Statement Regarding the Impact of the Spread of the Novel Coronavirus:"

"At this time, there has been no material impact on the production of CMOS image sensors, including any impact on the procurement of materials. However, Sony's primary customers in this segment are smartphone makers who rely on supply chains in China, and although recovery in these supply chains has led to sales gradually returning to normal levels, there is a risk that going forward sales could be impacted by a slowdown in the smartphone market."

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Cambridge Mechatronics uses Apple iPad Pro LiDAR announcement opportunity to emphasize advantages of its 3D sensing technology:

"Systems using Indirect Time of Flight (iToF) technology have shipped in Android smartphones for some time, but their practical working range is only around two metres. This has limited their use to camera enhancements such as portrait photo background blurring. Apple advise their Direct Time of Flight (dToF) technology has a useful range of five metres.

To unlock the broadest range of AR user experiences, accurately measuring depth of ten metres or more is necessary. All technologies in use today compromise system resolution and performance when increasing range. However, CML has developed technology combining optical components, actuators and software to increase working range to ten metres and more without any compromise to measurement resolution or performance. This gives a best of both worlds solution targeted at smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices.

CML’s 3D sensing enhancement technology is available to licence now. We are working with our global partners, including major device brands and their supply chains, to bring the most engaging and immersive next generation AR experiences to consumers."


Update: A PCT Patent Application WO2020030916 "Improved 3D Sensing" by David Richards and Joshua Carr describes the company's approach:

"...there is provided an apparatus for use in generating a three-dimensional representation of a scene, the apparatus comprising: a time-of-flight (ToF) imaging camera system comprising a multipixel sensor and a light source and arranged to emit illumination having a spatially-nonuniform intensity over the field of view of the sensor; and an actuation mechanism for moving the illumination across at least part of the field of view of the sensor, thereby enabling generation of the representation. This may be achieved without moving the sensor.

The non-uniform illumination may be any form of illumination, including a beam of light, a pattern of light, a striped pattern of light, a dot pattern of light."

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GlobeNewswire: STMicro aims to computer-vision applications with new high-speed image sensors with global shutter. The new stacked sensors feature class-leading pixel size, high sensitivity, and low crosstalk.

The VD55G0 with 640 x 600 pixels and the VD56G3 with 1.5MP measure 2.6mm x 2.5mm and 3.6mm x 4.3mm, respectively, said to be the smallest on the market in relation to resolution. Embedded optical-flow processing in the VD56G3 calculates movement vectors, without the need for host computer processing. Samples are shipping now to lead customers.

“These new global shutter image sensors are based on our third generation of advanced pixel technology and deliver significant improvements in performance, size, and system integration,” said Eric Aussedat, Imaging Sub-Group General Manager and EVP of the Analog, MEMS and Sensors Group, STMicro. “They are enabling another step forward in computer-vision applications, empowering designers to create tomorrow’s smart, autonomous industrial and consumer devices.”

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Senseeker Engineering announces the Oxygen RD0092, the world's first 8 µm pitch dual-band digital readout IC (DROIC). The Oxygen RD0092 supports a 1280 x 720 frame size at over 500 fps and dual-polarity inputs to provide compatibility with all industry-standard direct-injection detector materials. The solution was designed to optimize infrared imaging system performance through state-of-the-art integrated features and multiple operating modes that offer flexibility for a wide range of high-performance application requirements.

"The RD0092 is our first off-the-shelf readout product and we wanted to make sure that it strikes the right balance between being feature-rich and easy to operate," said Thomas Poonnen, Director of Engineering. "You can change operating modes or window sizes on the fly and toggle detector polarity or checkerboard integration pattern between frames, all of which can be accomplished by flipping just a few bits."


Senseeker Engineering announces the Magnesium MIL RP0092, an advanced 12 µm pitch high dynamic range dual-band digital pixel readout IC (DPROIC). Product sales are restricted to customers who have approval from the U.S. Government. The Magnesium MIL RP0092 supports a 1280 x 720 frame size at up-to 120 fps, with dual-polarity inputs to provide compatibility with all industry-standard direct-injection compatible detector materials.


Thanks to MJ for the pointer!

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Yole Developpement's Q4 2019 quarterly monitor "CIS: Q4 2019 went way above forecast but this was before COVID-19" states:

MARKET DYNAMICS:

• Q4 2019 is 17% above revenue forecast and reaches US$5,746 million: 11.3% of upside is due to volume upside and 9.1% due to ASP3 upside.
• The coronavirus outbreak impact of the epidemic will influence mostly on mobile and consumer CIS market with a drop in forecast on the global smartphone market expected on Q1 and Q2 2020.
• 2019 YoY revenue growth is higher than expected and reaches 25%, with a Q2Q growth at 38% in Q4 2019.
• CIS YoY growth should slow down to 7% in 2020 but this number will be aggravated by the outbreak of COVID-19.
• Long term growth should go below 10% within 5 years.

Y2020 NUMBERS: The best ever year for the CIS industry

This time reality exceeded Yole Développement (Yole) forecast quite significantly. Yole had predicted revenue of US$17.2b for 2020 and this prediction ended 11% below the confirmed numbers for the year. The extensive growth of CIS has brought this semiconductor specialty to revenues of US$19.3b in 2019, exceeding 4.6% of total semiconductor sales.

Reflecting on the year’s dynamics, Q1 and Q2 2019 had been underwhelming, both running 6% below expectation in a context of smartphone market saturation and trade war rhetoric. Q3 and Q4 totally reversed the gloomy trend of H1 2020, and the release of exciting smartphones with numerous cameras propelled the industry to overcapacity bringing US$5.7 billion per quarter to the ecosystem…

Q1 & Q2 2020: Short term forecast will be impacted by COVID-19

“What we cannot predict at Yole is the possibility of a systemic recession,” comments Pierre Cambou, Principal Analyst, Imaging at Yole. “People will still buy smartphones and smart speakers in 2021 so the risk is more a contamination coming from the financial sector than a biological threat,” he adds.

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University of Zurich-ETH publishes a video supplement to the paper "Event-based Asynchronous Sparse Convolutional Networks" by Nico Messikommer, Daniel Gehrig, Antonio Loquercio, and Davide Scaramuzza.

"Recently, pattern recognition algorithms, such as learning-based methods, have made significant progress with event cameras by converting events into synchronous dense, image-like representations and applying traditional machine learning methods developed for standard cameras. However, these approaches discard the spatial and temporal sparsity inherent in event data at the cost of higher computational complexity and latency. In this work, we present a general framework for converting models trained on synchronous image-like event representations into asynchronous models with identical output, thus directly leveraging the intrinsic asynchronous and sparse nature of the event data. We show both theoretically and experimentally that this drastically reduces the computational complexity and latency of high-capacity, synchronous neural networks without sacrificing accuracy.

In addition, our framework has several desirable characteristics: (i) it exploits spatio-temporal sparsity of events explicitly, (ii) it is agnostic to the event representation, network architecture, and task, and (iii) it does not require any train-time change, since it is compatible with the standard neural networks' training process.

We thoroughly validate the proposed framework on two computer vision tasks: object detection and object recognition. In these tasks, we reduce the computational complexity up to 20 times with respect to high-latency neural networks. At the same time, we outperform state-of-the-art asynchronous approaches up to 24% in prediction accuracy."

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Applied Physics Reviews publishes a paper "Photodetectors based on solution-processable semiconductors: Recent advances and perspectives" by Yalun Xu and Qianqian Lin from Wuhan University, China.

"Along with the remarkable progress in the field of organics, those based on quantum dots, and recently emerged perovskite optoelectronics, photodetectors based on these solution-processable semiconductors have shown unprecedented success. In this review, we present the basic operation mechanism and the characterization of the performance metrics based on these novel materials systems. Then, we focus on the current research status and recent advances with the following five aspects: (i) spectral tunability, (ii) cavity enhanced photodetectors, (iii) photomultiplication type photodetectors, (iv) sensitized phototransistors, and (v) ionizing radiation detection. At the end, we discuss the key challenges facing these novel photodetectors toward manufacture and viable applications. We also point out the opportunities, which are promising to explore and may require more research activities."

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Financial Times and Reuters report that Daniel Loeb’s hedge fund Third Point LLC uses lower Sony stock price to build a stake in the company again to push for changes that possibly include spinning off its image sensor business.

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Digitimes reports that image sensor packaging companies Tong Hsing (Kingpak acquirer) and Xintec are expanding capacity to satisfy growing demand for multi-camera smartphones. Both companies have seen their production lines run at full capacity in most of the Q1 of 2020 despite the fact that the ongoing coronavirus pandemic will drag down global handset shipments in 2020, according to Digitimes sources.

Taipei Times quotes Tong Hsing president Heinz Ru saying that the COVID-19 pandemic has not negatively affected CIS demand and he expects revenue to grow by a double-digit percentage year-on-year this quarter. To cope with strong demand for CIS services, Tong Hsing plans to more than double its monthly capacity to 160,000 wafers at its plant in Taoyuan’s Longtan District, Ru said.

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CICC turns into a virtual conference this year due to coronavirus pandemy. Historically, there is not that many image sensor papers presented there. However, this year there are two covering quite hot topics:

A 368 × 184 Optical Under-Display Fingerprint Sensor With Global Shutter and High-Dynamic-Range Operation
Chih-Wen Lu, Ping-Hung Yin, Ping-Hung Yin, Jia-Shyang Wang, Keng-Li Chang, Fu-Kuo Lin, Chia-Jung Chang, and Gen-Chiuan Bai from National Tsing Hua University and TYRAFOS Technologies Co., LTD
This study proposes a 368 × 184 optical under-display fingerprint sensor. The prototype sensor features low noise, low-power consumption, fast response time, and a smaller signal processing circuit area. A dynamic range of 120 dB is achieved with 8-segment auto exposure and dark level adjustment with programmable gain control. The sensor has a chip size of 9.74 mm × 4.6 mm, a resolution of 1154 dpi, and a sensing area of 73%.

Design and Optimization of Low Power and Low Light Sensors
Christian Enz, Assim Boukhayma, Antonino Caizzone, and Raffaele Capoccia from EPFL ICLAB
This paper shows that many low-light applications share the same readout architecture. It explains how the readout circuit can be optimized for reaching a minimum input-referred noise without penalty on the power consumption. The design methodology is then illustrated by three applications, including a 0.5 electrons rms CMOS VGA imager, a 2.6uW PPG sensor and a 10uW 1D time-of-flight distance ranging device.

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Phys.org: Nature publishes a paper "Ultrafast and broadband photodetectors based on a perovskite/organic bulk heterojunction for large-dynamic-range imaging" by Chenglong Li, Hailu Wang, Fang Wang, Tengfei Li, Mengjian Xu, Hao Wang, Zhen Wang, Xiaowei Zhan, Weida Hu, and Liang Shen from Jilin University and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

"Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) photodetectors that simultaneously achieve an ultrafast response and high sensitivity in the near-infrared (NIR) region are prerequisites for expanding current monitoring, imaging, and optical communication capbilities. Herein, we demonstrate photodetectors constructed by OIHP and an organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) consisting of a low-bandgap nonfullerene and polymer, which achieve broadband response spectra up to 1 μm with a highest external quantum efficiency of approximately 54% at 850 nm, an ultrafast response speed of 5.6 ns and a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 191 dB. High sensitivity, ultrafast speed and a large LDR are preeminent prerequisites for the practical application of photodetectors. Encouragingly, due to the high-dynamic-range imaging capacity, high-quality visible-NIR actual imaging is achieved by employing the OIHP photodetectors. We believe that state-of-the-art OIHP photodetectors can accelerate the translation of solution-processed photodetector applications from the laboratory to the imaging market."

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LetsGoDigital reports that Sony registered a trademark SenSWIR in Europe and in Canada. Possibly, this hints to an approaching release of a commercial product based on Sony InGaAs sensor presented at IEDM 2019.

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Sony publishes an extended report from its Technology Day held on September 18, 2019 in Japan. Part 4 of the report talks about image sensing stuff:

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SK Hynix publishes an article "Everything about the “1.0μm Black Pearl,” SK hynix’s Image Sensor," an English version of the previously published one:

"The four new 1.0μm Black Pearl CIS line-ups, which will be presented by SK hynix in the first quarter of this year, are the result of efforts to respond to such market changes. The company plans to actively target the rapidly changing smartphone camera market with the four new products ranging from 8 megapixels (MP) to 20 MP.

Starting with 1.0μm Black Pearl line-ups in the first quarter, SK hynix plans to introduce a 0.8μm 48 MP product in the second half of the year. The company aims to secure competitiveness in the CIS business and solidify its position in the market."

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Credit Suisse overview of China's semiconductor industry dated by November 2019 has a part about Ominivision technology:

"CMOS Image Sensor (CIS): a credible Chinese player now

CIS is one of the very few semiconductor areas where China has a top-tier player. We think OmniVision’s (now owned by a Chinese company, Will Semiconductor) CIS technology could be 1-2 years behind Sony, but at a similar level to Samsung. In the automotive segment, OmniVision is ahead of Sony and Samsung, and only behind On Semi. Driven by the geopolitical tension, OmniVision has been taking over the mid/high-range spec smartphone segment from Samsung since mid-2019, and also growing its share in the China automotive market. OmniVision’s gap vs Sony should continue for 1-2 years as most OEMs customise CIS chips for flagship models, so it will take time for OmniVision to regain position in the premium segment.

In five years, we expect OmniVision’s technology to be slightly behind, but close to Sony, and its market share to grow from 12% in 2018 (per Gartner data) to high-teens or twenties percentage in 2023. However, in the near term, we expect existing CIS suppliers to continue expanding production capacity to cater to the growing demand."

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EI 2020 paper "Camera unavoidable scene watermarks: A method for forcibly conveying information onto photographs" by Clark Demaree and Henry Dietz from University of Kentucky proposes an interesting approach:

"When a scene’s image rights need to be protected e.g. a stage performance, it is valuable to use human imperceptible methods to forcibly add markers to a camera’s perception of the scene regardless of the camera’s precise location, focus distance, or shutter speed. This work expands upon extant methods for adding human imperceptible, camera perceptible markers to scenes but does so with the assumption that the photographer will take natural steps to avoid capturing the markers. The proposed method utilizes a combination of a traditional method of adding an image to the scene, and projections from the scene onto the camera’s entrance pupil. This method is intended to function even when the target camera utilizes an IR filter and has a shutter speed 1/60 s.

More interestingly, the combination of traditional images with projecting onto the camera allows this method to not be reliant upon knowledge of the camera’s focus settings, or the precise location of the camera."

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An Apple video appeared at the number of websites, such as here and here, showing its new iPad LiDAR use cases:

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Melexis and Eyeware, a Swiss-based 3D eye-tracking technology company, work together to create an advanced driver monitoring system (DMS). The DMS leverages Eyeware’s attention-monitoring technology, which uses Melexis’ new MLX75027 ToF sensors with VGA resolution, to enable robust eye gaze and head tracking for in-cabin driver monitoring, even in sunlight. Eyeware uses 3D ToF cameras to overcome the limitations of IR tracking technology.

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TheRegister, TheVerge: Labrador Diagnostics sues Coronavirus test developers Biofire Diagnostics LLC and Biumerieux SA over camera-based DNA/RNA testing systems:


PRNewswire: Upon realizing that the defendants are working on COVID-19 developments, Labrador Diagnostics offered to grant royalty-free licenses to everybody working on Coronavirus tests.

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TheRegister, TheVerge: Labrador Diagnostics sues Coronavirus test developers Biofire Diagnostics LLC and Biumerieux SA over camera-based DNA/RNA testing systems:


PRNewswire: Upon realizing that the defendants are working on COVID-19 developments, Labrador Diagnostics offered to grant royalty-free licenses to everybody working on Coronavirus tests.

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Arxiv.org paper "Face Anti-Spoofing by Learning Polarization Cues in a Real-World Scenario" by Yu Tian, Kunbo Zhang, Leyuan Wang, and Zhenan Sun from Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, proposes polarization sensor for fake face detection:

"In this paper, we propose a polarization face anti-spoofing (PAAS) method using a deep learning computational model to learn physical cues in polarization images. Because polarization reveals the information of shape, material, roughness and other attributes of an object, it is difficult to imitate or change. Combining optimized CNN algorithm with the new on-chip four-directional polarization image sensor, our PAAS system is able to realize realtime detection of a variety of face spoofing attacks in a real-world scenario."

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DXOMark publishes an article "Smartphones vs Cameras: Closing the gap on image quality" by David Cardinal, based on the company's CTO Frederic Guichard's presentation at EI 2020:

"We have seen how advances in technology have helped smartphone cameras surpass compact cameras in image quality and many other capabilities over the course of their first decade, despite their small size. In their second decade, taking advantage of their unique computational imaging capabilities, they have begun to push past even DSLRs in many areas, including automatic image enhancement and organization. However, that automation also makes smartphone cameras harder to predict, and difficult to rely on for repeatable results— leaving a market role for more-traditional digital cameras."

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Apple iPad Pro features a new ToF LiDAR scanner:

"The breakthrough LiDAR Scanner enables capabilities never before possible on any mobile device. The LiDAR Scanner measures the distance to surrounding objects up to 5 meters away, works both indoors and outdoors, and operates at the photon level at nano-second speeds. New depth frameworks in iPadOS combine depth points measured by the LiDAR Scanner, data from both cameras and motion sensors, and is enhanced by computer vision algorithms on the A12Z Bionic for a more detailed understanding of a scene. The tight integration of these elements enables a whole new class of AR experiences on iPad Pro.

Every existing ARKit app automatically gets instant AR placement, improved motion capture and people occlusion. Using the latest update to ARKit with a new Scene Geometry API, developers can harness the power of the new LiDAR Scanner to unleash scenarios never before possible.

The LiDAR Scanner improves the Measure app, making it faster and easier to automatically calculate someone’s height, while helpful vertical and edge guides automatically appear to let users more quickly and accurately measure objects. The Measure app also now comes with Ruler View for more granular measurements and allows users to save a list of all measurements, complete with screenshots for future use."

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