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Vrije Universiteit Brussel publishes a PhD thesis "Current-assisted SPAD sensors fabricated in conventional CMOS process" by Gobinath Jegannathan.
"In this work, a novel SPAD sensor is presented where the novelty arises from the integration of a large absorption volume and a very small avalanche multiplication volume. Such a detector topology allows to have a thick absorption layer which leads to higher quantum efficiencies for NIR wavelengths. This integration is enabled by “current-assistance” principle where a drift field is created in the substrate by applying a potential gradient. This “current-assisted SPAD” is fabricated in a cost-effective CMOS process which is commercially available."
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